Definition: Obesity is a medical condition characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat, often measured by a high body mass index (BMI).

Prevalence: Obesity has been on the rise worldwide, with over 2 billion adults estimated to be overweight in 2016, and over 650 million considered obese.

Health Risks: Obesity is associated with various health risks, including an increased likelihood of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, certain types of cancer, musculoskeletal disorders, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and more.

Contributing Factors: Genetics, poor dietary habits, lack of physical activity, and environmental factors contribute to obesity.

Childhood Obesity: Childhood obesity is a significant concern, affecting millions of children and potentially leading to lifelong health issues. Approximately 38 million children under the age of five were overweight or obese in 2020.

Economic Impact: Obesity places a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems due to its associated illnesses.

Prevention and Treatment: Lifestyle changes such as adopting a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and medical interventions like weight loss surgery are common approaches to preventing and managing obesity.

Psychological Effects: Obesity can have psychological consequences, including low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety.

Social Stigma: Obesity is associated with social stigma, leading to discrimination and bias in various aspects of life, including employment and education.

Public Health Initiatives: Governments and organizations worldwide have launched public health campaigns to raise awareness about obesity and promote healthier lifestyles.

Life Expectancy: Obesity can significantly reduce life expectancy, with several years less for severely obese individuals.

Diabetes Connection: Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes, often due to insulin resistance.

Insulin Resistance: Obesity-related insulin resistance impairs the body's ability to regulate blood sugar, leading to elevated levels over time.

Type 2 Diabetes: Prolonged high blood sugar levels can eventually lead to type 2 diabetes, with complications including heart disease, kidney disease, vision problems, and nerve damage.

Dual Health Impact: Obesity and type 2 diabetes coexistence can exacerbate health risks, increasing the likelihood of cardiovascular events and complications.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): Obesity is a significant risk factor for OSA, a condition where breathing is repeatedly interrupted during sleep. OSA can lead to daytime fatigue and other health problems.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Obesity is often linked to PCOS, a hormonal disorder in women that can lead to irregular menstrual cycles, fertility issues, and other health concerns.

Heart Disease: Obesity is a leading risk factor for heart disease, including conditions like hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure.

Cancer Due to Obesity: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of certain cancers, including breast, colon, and endometrial cancers.

Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery: Bariatric surgery, such as gastric bypass or gastric sleeve surgery, is a treatment option for severe obesity. It can lead to significant weight loss and improved health outcomes. Metabolic surgery, which includes procedures like gastric bypass, can also help manage type 2 diabetes.